Comportamento
22/11/2022
Atualidade
24/11/2022
Comportamento
22/11/2022
Atualidade
24/11/2022
Catarina de Médici (1519-1547) observando protestantes mortos no massacre de São Bartolomeu
Foto: Mairie de Clermont-Ferrand / Wikimedia
Abraão de Almeida

Martírio de protestantes na França (parte 1): os massacres

Na edição anterior, tratamos do avanço da Reforma em Portugal e suas colônias. Neste artigo, vamos começar a falar do massacre de São Bartolomeu, o martírio de protestantes na França.

A Reforma Protestante, em alguns aspectos, assemelhou-se ao primeiro século cristão, no qual a poderosa mensagem do Evangelho avançou bravamente, desafiando a sanguinária perseguição judaico-pagã. No século 16, é a mesma arrebatadora Palavra que se ergueu impetuosa, como as correntes de um grande rio canalizado por heróis da fé, e estendeu-se com estrondo por toda a Europa, libertando as consciências há muito escravizadas pelo jugo implacável e secular do catolicismo romano.

Porém, os sofrimentos pelos quais teriam de passar os reformadores e os reformados não seriam menores do que os vivenciados pelos cristãos primitivos. A Igreja Romana, já embriagada do sangue dos mártires, mais uma vez propusera-se a exterminar os hereges com o apoio de imperadores e seus exércitos. Assim foi na Alemanha, na Suíça, na França e na Inglaterra. Em algumas dessas nações, a Reforma venceu as primeiras dificuldades e logo ganhou a simpatia e confiança do povo e do governo. Na França, entretanto, os protestantes foram alvo das mais bárbaras perseguições e das maiores traições de que se tem memória. As causas dessas terríveis comoções sociais estavam na política instável dos reis franceses daquela época e, em especial, na concordata de 1516, estabelecida entre Francisco I (1494-1547) e o papado, que unia intimamente os dois poderes. A ilícita união, que tinha por objetivo atender aos desejos de domínio de Francisco, foi o principal motivo das infinitas tragédias em território francês.

Graças aos sermões reformistas de Guillaume Briçonnet (1472-1534) em Meaux, e aos trabalhos de Jacques Lefèvre d’Étaples (1455-1536) e Guillaume Farel (1489-1565), a Reforma alcançava rápida aceitação em todo o país. O Novo Testamento traduzido por Lefèvre era lido com alegria, e sua mensagem despertava consciências e libertava as almas da ignorância e escravidão religiosa impostas pela hierarquia romana. A princípio, o rei francês não se manifestou contra os protestantes, pelo contrário, quis até auxiliá-los. Contudo, sua aliança com o papado o levou a mudar de ideia e a permitir sangrentas perseguições, como a matança dos valdenses, em 1545, resultando na destruição de 22 cidades e aldeias, na morte de quatro mil pessoas, no envio de 700 prisioneiros para as galés e nos massacres em Amboise e Vassy, testemunhos do ódio antiprotestante extravasado das autoridades civis e católicas.

Os resultados das sangrentas batalhas travadas entre os protestantes e o partido papal – este último chefiado pelos Guise, poderosa família católica francesa, e por Catarina de Médici (1519-1547), mãe de Carlos IX e sobrinha do Papa Clemente VII (1478-1534) – não estavam sendo inteiramente satisfatórios à Igreja Romana, mesmo espalhando morte e luto em solo francês. Algo mais sério deveria ser realizado a fim de extirpar a heresia.

O massacre de São Bartolomeu – A situação dos huguenotes (nome dado aos protestantes) estava cada vez mais delicada, pois a intolerância religiosa da igreja ameaçava sufocar de uma só vez a obra evangélica em toda a França. Antônio Michele Ghislieri, que subiu ao trono papal em 1566 com o nome de Pio V (1504-1572), forçava Carlos IX a acabar com os protestantes franceses. O rei Filipe II (1527-1598), da Espanha, ameaçava invadir a França caso os hereges não fossem destruídos. Os padres pregavam sem descanso a morte dos calvinistas, e um diabólico plano estava sendo assentado no espírito de Catarina de Médici, dos Guise e de Pio V.

Os adversários da Reforma encontrariam, em breve, a ocasião propícia para o seu intento. O Tratado de Paz, assinado em 8 de agosto de 1570, pôs um fim à terceira guerra religiosa. Os principais chefes protestantes haviam ido para Rochelle e para as suas províncias. Portanto, estavam fora do alcance dos seus inimigos, o que não convinha a estes. Ficou, então, acertado o casamento de Margarida de Valois, irmã de Carlos IX, com Henrique de Béarn, chefe da casa de Navarra. Segundo julgavam os protestantes, essa união, a realizar-se em Paris, garantiria uma paz duradoura entre os dois partidos religiosos.

Gaspar II de Coligny (1519-1572)
Foto: Saint Louis Art Museum / Wikimedia

Madrugada de domingo, 24 de agosto de 1572. As casas das vítimas haviam sido marcadas com uma cruz branca. Nas ruas, silenciosas e sombrias, grupos de homens tomavam posições em meio a rumores de vozes abafadas e ao tinido de armas. Os assassinos estavam prontos e esperavam o sinal, que logo veio. Começava a carnificina: os duques de Guise, de Aumale e de Angoulême, com três centenas de soldados, invadiram o palácio do conde Gaspard de Coligny (1519-1572), uma das primeiras vítimas; seu corpo foi atirado ao pátio.

Tudo nessa violenta operação era tumulto, desordens e matanças. Largas torrentes de sangue nas ruas, cadáveres de homens, mulheres e crianças atravancando as portas. O número de vítimas é diferentemente calculado pelos historiadores, alguns falam em 30 mil, outros, 70 ou 100 mil. É impossível descrever o horripilante quadro que Paris apresentava quando sobre ela raiou o sol do dia 24, Dia de São Bartolomeu.

Abraão de Almeida
Pastor da Igreja Evangélica Brasileira em Coconut Creek, Flórida, EUA, e autor de mais de 30 livros em português e espanhol. E-mail: abraaodealmeida7@gmail.com

2 Comments

  1. Wantuil Lourenço. disse:

    Importante trazer a tona esses documentos e fatos da história principalmente dos povos Judeus quanto a Revista exelente conteúdo bem elaborado uma leitura clássica as quais enriqueça meus conhecimentos obrigado.Prof Wantuil

    • Editor disse:

      Caríssimo, agradecemos por suas palavras. Nossa equipe tem se esforçado para trazer informações que sejam relevantes e que contribuam para a edificação do povo de Deus. Pedimos ao senhor que ore por nós. Amém?

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