Saudáveis Advertências – 257
01/12/2020
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01/01/2021
Saudáveis Advertências – 257
01/12/2020
Atualidade
01/01/2021

Heróis da Fé | Argula von Grumbach

Foto: Reprodução

Defensora da Verdade

Argula von Grumbach foi a primeira mulher a se destacar como escritora após a Reforma Protestante

Por Élidi Miranda*

O ano era 1523, e as notícias sobre o julgamento de Arsacius Seehofer (1505-1545), então aluno da Universidade de Ingolstadt, no Sul da atual Alemanha, corriam rapidamente. Acusado de ser um seguidor do “herege” Martinho Lutero (1483-1546), o rapaz, de apenas 18 anos, fora obrigado a negar sua fé evangélica e condenado à prisão perpétua no monastério beneditino de Ettal, na mesma região. Nessa época, a recém-lançada tradução do Novo Testamento para o alemão, feita por Martinho Lutero, era vendida como pão quente. Tanto o imperador Carlos V (1500-1558) quanto a liderança da Igreja Romana tentavam conter aquele movimento. Seehofer era um alvo fácil que deveria servir de exemplo para seus pares.

Não houve quem comparecesse diante do tribunal para defender o jovem. Contudo, tão logo soube do que se passara em Ingolstadt, uma voz se fez ouvir contra tal injustiça. Argula von Grumbach (1492-1568), uma distinta senhora de 31 anos, mãe de quatro filhos e integrante da nobreza, escreveu às autoridades da Universidade de Ingolstadt, responsáveis pelo julgamento, dirigindo-lhes sábias e duras palavras: Quando ouvi o que tinham feito a Arsacius Seehofer sob ameaças de prisão e de fogueira, o meu coração e os meus ossos estremeceram. O que ensinaram Lutero e Melâncton [1497-1560] exceto a Palavra de Deus? Vós os condenastes. Não os refutastes. […] Dizem-nos que devemos obedecer às autoridades. Correto. Mas nem o papa, nem o imperador, nem os príncipes têm nenhuma autoridade acima da Palavra de Deus. […] Não ignoro as palavras de Paulo de que a mulher deve guardar silêncio na igreja (1 Tm 1.2), mas, quando nenhum homem quer ou pode falar, impulsiona-me a Palavra do Senhor quando disse: “Aquele que me confesse na terra, eu o confessarei e aquele que me negue, eu o negarei” (Mt 10.32; Lc 12.8). […] Não vos envio desvarios de mulher, mas a palavra de Deus. Escrevo como membro da Igreja de Cristo contra a qual não prevalecerão as portas do inferno, ao contrário da Igreja de Roma. Deus nos conceda a Sua graça.

Estátua do reformador Martinho Lutero (1483-1546) em Wittenberg: assim como ele, Argula von Grumbach defendeu seus pontos de vista com base, exclusivamente, nas Escrituras Foto: Reprodução

A universidade sequer dignou-se a responder à carta. Apesar disso, Argula entrou para a História como a primeira escritora protestante, já que amigos seus resolveram publicar o escrito, o qual se tornou muito popular e foi reimpresso diversas vezes pelos anos seguintes.

Bíblia Koburger – Mas como uma mulher daquela época podia ter tamanho conhecimento bíblico? Argula nasceu em 1492, em Beratzhausen, também no Sul da atual Alemanha. Tinha ascendência nobre, no entanto sua família estava em decadência financeira. Por isso, aos dez anos, foi enviada à corte do duque da Baviera, Alberto IV (1447-1508), a fim de receber uma boa educação. Antes de sua partida, a menina ganhou dos pais um presente raro e muito caro: um exemplar da Bíblia Koburger, publicado no ano de 1483, em latim. Tendo aprendido essa língua, Argula passou a ler o Livro Sagrado ainda jovem.

Em 1500, aos 18 anos, ela se casou com Friedrich von Grumbach. Em 1515, ele se tornou o administrador dos municípios de Dietfurt e Altmannstein. Contudo, perdeu o posto alguns anos mais tarde, depois que Argula passou a se envolver em embates teológicos. De 1523 a 1524, quase 29 mil cópias de diversos textos de Argula foram distribuídos na Alemanha – um número impressionante para a época. Entretanto, ela sabia de suas limitações e jamais teve a pretensão de se tornar uma estrelado movimento reformado. Ela descrevia a si mesma como uma simples escritora e como uma tola que o Senhor havia tornado sábia. Assim como Lutero e outros reformadores, em seus textos, ela apenas fazia o que seus adversários papistas jamais ousavam: defender seus pontos de vista com base, exclusivamente, nas Escrituras.

Depois de 1524, Argula passou a não escrever mais textos para publicação, provavelmente por pressão do marido, que, até onde se sabe, permaneceu fiel a Roma. Sua produção intelectual, então, limitava-se a correspondências privadas. A exceção foi sua notável intervenção na Confissão de Augsburgo (importante documento da fé protestante), em 1530. Na ocasião, ajudou a promover harmonia entre as diferentes visões dos protestantes acerca da Ceia do Senhor.

Monastério beneditino de Ettal, no Sul da Alemanha, lugar em que o jovem Arsacius Seehofer (1505-1545) deveria cumprir pena de prisão perpétua por ser seguidor do “herege” Lutero Foto: Philipp Schneidenbach / Unsplash

Seu marido, Friedrich, morreu naquele mesmo ano, e ela se casou novamente em 1533, porém o segundo cônjuge faleceu três anos depois.

Argula não foi martirizada e jamais sofreu ameaças de morte, no entanto foi bastante perseguida, de diversas formas, e recebia insultos por ser mulher. Um dos exemplos mais claros foi encontrado em um poema anônimo satírico o qual insinuava que ela teria interesse sexual pelo jovem Seehofer. Estás abrasada, talvez / Por este rapaz de 18 anos?, dizia o texto. Obviamente, isso não era verdade, mas o fato é que o julgamento de Seehofer, em Ingolstadt, deu ao protestantismo sua primeira escritora, que faleceu em 1568. O rapaz, por sua vez, fugiu de Ettal para Wittenberg, o epicentro da Reforma, e ali desenvolveu um ministério profícuo como pastor e professor luterano até sua morte. (*Com informações de Notícias Cristãs, Duke University e Place for Truth)


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