Família – 254
01/09/2020
Falando de História – 255
01/10/2020
Família – 254
01/09/2020
Falando de História – 255
01/10/2020
Foto: BP

Passado presente

Quase 30 anos após o fim da URSS, cristãos continuam sofrendo devido à intolerância religiosa em ex-repúblicas soviéticas

Por Élidi Miranda*

Já se vão três décadas desde que a União das Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas (URSS) – na verdade, uma república socialista federal marxista-leninista unipartidária – começou a ruir. No final de 1989, com a queda do Muro de Berlim e, posteriormente, em junho de 1990, com a independência da Rússia, espinha dorsal daquele regime, iniciava-se a dissolução do bloco. Esta seria oficializada em dezembro de 1991 com a renúncia do presidente Mikhail Gorbachev, a criação da Federação Russa e a ascensão ao poder de Boris Ieltsin.

A partir do início de 1920, a União Soviética, sob as bases da Revolução de 1917, que pôs fim ao Império Russo, transformou-se em um bloco que viria a ter, em 1956, um total de 14 nações comandadas pela Rússia: Armênia, Azerbaijão, Bielorrússia, Estônia, Geórgia, Cazaquistão, Quirguistão, Letônia, Lituânia, Moldávia, Tajiquistão, Turcomenistão, Ucrânia e Uzbequistão. Sob o regime ditatorial de Moscou, liderado pelo Partido Comunista, foi colocado em vigor um plano de engenharia social fundamentado na interpretação das ideias do filósofo alemão Karl Marx (1818-1883). Na URSS, não havia espaço para liberdades individuais, de consciência ou de crença. As atividades relacionadas à fé, quando não eram proibidas, recebiam restrições e aconteciam com intensa vigilância das autoridades. Quem desobedecia às ordens do regime era preso ou morto.

Com o fim da URSS, as igrejas enxergaram alguma luz no fim do túnel, uma vez que as 15 repúblicas tiveram maior autonomia. No entanto, boa parte da expectativa dos líderes evangélicos não se concretizou. Em muitos desses novos países citados, não houve redução da perseguição religiosa. Aconteceram mudanças, entre as quais, a retirada ou a flexibilização de funcionamento das congregações. Contudo, os resquícios da ditadura socialista são sentidos em certas regiões da extinta União Soviética, quando confrontados com a Lista Mundial da Perseguição, documento divulgado pela Missão Portas Abertas que elenca os 50 países mais intolerantes à fé cristã em todo o globo. Na Lista de 2020, cinco ex-repúblicas soviéticas são citadas: Uzbequistão (18º), Turcomenistão (22º), Tajiquistão (31º), Cazaquistão (35º) e Rússia (46º).

A deputada Irina Yarovaya, uma das autoras da legislação religiosa que entrou em vigor na Rússia em julho de 2016 Foto: Reprodução / The Moscow Times

Labirinto burocrático – A Rússia, uma república semipresidencialista, é o país com a maior extensão territorial do planeta, com 17,1 milhões de km² (o dobro da área do Brasil), e concentra uma população de 144,5 milhões de habitantes. Destes, segundo o último censo, 41,1% são ortodoxos russos, 25,2% não possuem religião, 13% são ateus, 6,5% são muçulmanos, 6,3% são cristãos, 2,4% integram outras religiões, e 5,5% não quiseram responder.

Na década de 1990, como consequência da abertura econômica, as igrejas russas, antes reprimidas, tiveram maior liberdade. Contudo, nos últimos anos, essa autonomia declinou de forma drástica, e o problema se agravou em julho de 2016, quando entraram em vigor várias emendas à legislação religiosa. A princípio, a proposta era conter o terrorismo islâmico, mas, agora, são os protestantes as maiores vítimas das imposições dos governantes. Centenas de pessoas já foram interrogadas e multadas por distribuírem literatura em locais públicos, participarem de reuniões de oração e fazerem estudos bíblicos nos lares. Além disso, a nova legislação restringe a realização de atividades religiosas nos prédios das igrejas. Nem mesmo as redes sociais escapam: quem quiser usá-las para falar de assuntos religiosos precisa de uma permissão especial por escrito das autoridades.

O auditório da Igreja Batista Verkhnebakansky (IBV), em Novorossiysk, na Rússia, lacrada pelo governo em julho de 2019 Foto: Reprodução / The Moscow Times

Todas essas barreiras dificultaram a vida das igrejas evangélicas, as quais estão lutando para manter suas portas abertas. A burocracia herdada do socialismo e a legislação confusa emperram a regularização dos templos. Com isso, desde a aprovação da Lei Yarovaya [que tem esse nome devido à forte influência de uma de suas autoras, a deputada Irina Yarovaya], as lideranças governamentais dos estados russos investigaram as organizações religiosas, e diversas igrejas já perderam o direito de usar suas propriedades por estarem em desacordo com o conjunto de normas aprovadas em 2016.

Um exemplo ocorreu na cidade de Novorossiysk, no Sudeste do país. A Igreja Batista Verkhnebakansky (IBV) utilizava um espaço de dois andares havia anos. Até que, em meados de 2018, a administração estadual mudou sua abordagem em relação às comunidades cristãs, com base na Lei Yarovaya. A IBV teve o templo lacrado, em julho de 2019, para a situação ser regularizada. Antes, o imóvel de outra igreja foi demolido, e uma congregação perdeu a permissão de uso do próprio templo. Até o fechamento desta edição, a igreja batista continuava fechada.

Discriminação e perseguição – No passado, a Igreja Ortodoxa Russa experimentou situações desfavoráveis sob o regime socialista. Em 23 de janeiro de 1918, três meses depois do início da revolução, a ditadura imposta por Vladimir Lênin (1870-1924) confiscou os bens dela e proibiu o ensino da religião. Hoje, porém, a instituição desfruta de uma série de privilégios em relação às igrejas protestantes minoritárias.

Vladimir Lênin (1870-1924), que, no início da revolução russa, confiscou os bens da Igreja Ortodoxa e proibiu o ensino da religião Foto: Reprodução

No Uzbequistão, país de 31 milhões de cidadãos, onde existe um dos regimes mais autoritários do antigo bloco soviético, de igual modo, há a perseguição aos crentes. Lá, a maioria do povo é muçulmana (88%), e o cristianismo é praticado por minorias étnicas que são discriminadas. Os trabalhos evangelísticos são proibidos e é praticamente impossível conseguir autorização para abrir igrejas. As comunidades clandestinas são vigiadas de perto pelas autoridades. Ajuntamentos para realizar estudo bíblico e oração nos lares podem ser alvo da ação violenta da polícia e resultar em prisões arbitrárias. 

Fenômeno semelhante acontece no Turcomenistão, nação de 5 milhões de habitantes. O autoritarismo herdado do regime soviético se manteve ao longo dos anos, e os cidadãos são sempre vigiados. Existem apenas oito igrejas registradas, e qualquer reunião cristã fora dos templos é considerada ilegal. Portanto, seus participantes estão sujeitos a sofrer penalidades como multas, redução salarial, perda do emprego ou apreensão de bens e propriedades.

No Tajiquistão, país de maioria islâmica de 9 milhões de indivíduos, a repressão estatal sobre as igrejas cresceu a partir de 2015. Aqueles que abandonam o islã são as principais vítimas da intolerância religiosa e padecem de todo tipo de abuso físico e verbal, não raramente por parte de parentes próximos. O Estado também reprime as atividades cristãs de maneira violenta, invadindo casas, prendendo e torturando os que participam de reuniões consideradas ilegais. 

Nursultan Nazarbayev, antigo chefe do Partido Comunista Soviético, que comanda o Cazaquistão com mão de ferro desde 1991 Foto: ART / BSV

Por sua vez, o Cazaquistão, composto de 19 milhões de pessoas, é comandado com mão de ferro desde 1991 por Nursultan Nazarbayev, antigo chefe do Partido Comunista Soviético. Nazarbayev permanece praticamente neutro em relação às igrejas durante duas décadas. Porém, no final de 2011, restringiu as liberdades individuais dos cristãos. As igrejas foram obrigadas a obter um novo registro oficial para continuar de portas abertas. Entretanto, devido à confusa burocracia estatal, o processo de regularização se tornou complexo e caro. Quem não consegue ultrapassar o labirinto burocrático enfrenta detenções, multas e confisco de bens, por exemplo.


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